A provincial presidency was proposed the candidate for office was Henry Bagenal, an English colonist settled in Newry, who would seek to impose the authority of the crown through sheriffs to be appointed by the Dublin government. Crown advances into Ulster īy the early 1590s, the north of Ireland was attracting the attention of Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam, who had been charged with bringing the area under crown control. With the aid of Spain, O'Neill could arm and feed over 8,000 men, unprecedented for a Gaelic lord, and leaving him well prepared to resist English incursions into Ulster. From 1591, O'Donnell, on O'Neill's behalf, had been in contact with Philip II of Spain, appealing for military aid against their common enemy and citing also their shared Catholicism. To arm his soldiers, O'Neill bought muskets, ammunition, and pikes from Scotland and England. In addition, he hired large contingents of Irish mercenaries (known as buanadha) under leaders such as Richard Tyrrell. He also recruited his tenants and dependants into military service and tied the peasantry to the land to increase food production (see Kern). Within his own territories, O'Neill was entitled to limited military service from his sub-lords or uirithe. He also had sub-chiefs who wouldn't toe the line murdered such as Phelim McTurlough O'Neill, lord of Killetra.įrom Hugh Roe O'Donnell, his ally, Hugh O'Neill enlisted Scottish mercenaries (known as Redshanks). Hugh however had also ruthlessly murdered his chief competitor to the title, Shane's son Hugh Gavelagh O'Neill. Turlough died in 1595 allowing Hugh to be inaugurated "the O'Neill". Prior to this and for several years afterwards Hugh O'Neill warred with the aging reigning chief of Tyrone, Turlough Lynagh O'Neill for control of Tyrone. At the parliament of 1585, Hugh O'Neill requested and was granted his English law birthright to the title of Earl of Tyrone. After the murder of Matthew's first heir, Brian, the English authorities spirited the next heir Hugh out of Tyrone to be brought up with the Hovenden family in the Pale. After a period of warfare, Shane had Matthew murdered and became O'Neill after his father died. Matthew O'Neill had been appointed by Conn as his heir, whereas Conn's eldest surviving son Shane O'Neill was the preferred heir according to the Irish custom of tanistry. 3 His father, Matthew O'Neill, Baron Dungannon, was the reputed son of Conn O'Neill the Lame, the first O'Neill to be created Earl of Tyrone by the English Crown. Hugh O'Neill came from the powerful Ó Néill sept of Tír Eoghain, which dominated the centre of the northern province of Ulster. Rise of Hugh O'Neill Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone In resisting this advance, O'Neill managed to rally other Irish septs who were dissatisfied with English government and some Catholics who opposed the spread of Protestantism in Ireland. The Nine Years' War was caused by the clashes between the Gaelic Irish lord Hugh O'Neill and the advance of the English state in Ireland, from control over the Pale to ruling the whole island. By contrast, the English army assisting the Dutch during the Eighty Years' War was never more than 12,000 strong at any one time. At the height of the conflict (1600–1601) more than 18,000 soldiers were fighting in the English army in Ireland. The war against O'Neill and his allies was the largest conflict fought by England in the Elizabethan era. This marked the end of Gaelic Ireland and led to the Plantation of Ulster. Many of the defeated northern lords left Ireland to seek support for a new uprising in the Flight of the Earls (1607), never to return. The war ended with the Treaty of Mellifont (1603). The Irish alliance won some important early victories, such as the Battle of Clontibret (1595) and the Battle of the Yellow Ford (1598), but the English won a victory against the alliance and their Spanish allies in the siege of Kinsale (1601–02). The war was fought in all parts of the country, but mainly in the northern province of Ulster. It was fought between an Irish alliance-led mainly by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone and Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell-against English rule in Ireland, and was a response to the ongoing Tudor conquest of Ireland. The Nine Years' War, sometimes called Tyrone's Rebellion, took place in Ireland from 1593 to 1603. ~30,000 soldiers (though more died from disease than in battle) and hundreds of English colonists ~100,000 soldiers and Irish civilians (the vast majority died due to famine) 8,000 in Ulster (1594) but thousands joined after.
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